ABSTRACT
Understanding the genetic evolution of A [H1N1]pdm09 and H3N2 viruses can help better select strains to be included in the annual influenza vaccine. There is little information on their evolution in Jordan so this study investigated the genetic and antigenic variability of A[H1N1]pdm09 and H3N2 viruses in Jordan by performing phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the HA and NA genes of A[H1N1]pdm09 and H3N2 viruses between 2011 and 2013. The full HA and NA genes of 16 H1N1-positive samples obtained in our study and 21 published HA sequences and 20 published NA sequences from Jordanian viruses that were available on online gene databases were analysed. For H3N2, we generated 20 HA and 19 NA sequences and included 19 published HA and NA sequences each in the analysis. Jordanian H1N1 viruses had mutations that are characteristic of antigenic group 6 while H3N2 virus mutations belonged to group 3. No markers of resistance to oseltamivir were detected. The individual mutations are described in detail
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics , Influenza Vaccines , Oseltamivir/therapeutic use , Databases, Genetic , Prospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
We investigated antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from inpatients and outpatients at Jordan University Hospital in 2000 and 2001. E. coli accounted for 32.4% and 37.4% of all isolates respectively. The lowest susceptibility was for ampicillin [11%], cotrimoxazole [23%] and tetracycline [26%]. The relative incidence of resistant isolates of E. coli to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, norfloxacin, cefuroxime and nitrofurantoin was significantly greater for inpatients than for outpatients [P< 0.05]. A large, transferable R-plasmid of 28 kb was found in most E. coli isolates [67%] that were resistant to at least ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline.This R-plasmid reservoir may contribute to the spread of multiple antibiotic resistance in our Region
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Drug Utilization , Molecular Epidemiology , PhenotypeABSTRACT
We investigated stool specimens of 400 patients at Jordan University Hospital [300 patients with clinical diarrhoea and 100 controls without diarrhoea] for the presence of Clostridium difficile or its toxin. We found a 9.7% prevalence rate of C. difficile or its toxin in stools of patients with diarrhoea. The prevalence of other potential enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella spp. [2.3%], Shigella spp. [1.0%] and Entamoeba histolytica [2.7%], was significantly less. Prevalence of C. difficile or its toxin in controls was 3.0%. Toxin A was detected in 93.1% of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea cases using an enzyme immunoassay. Our study indicates that C. difficile-associated diarrhoea is mostly observed among hospitalized patients aged > or = 50 years, in association with antimicrobial treatment
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Age Distribution , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Case-Control Studies , Child, Preschool , Clostridium Infections/etiology , Cross Infection/etiology , Drug Utilization , Feces/chemistry , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Infection Control , PrevalenceABSTRACT
This study investigated the distribution of yeast species in 175 clinical specimens of patients admitted to the Jordan University Hospital during 1996. The clinical specimens were first cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar plates and then subcultured onto CHROMagar plates. For comparison, CHROMagar Candida medium, microbiochemical tests [Fungichrom] and a germ tube test were used for identification of the clinical isolates. CHROMagar Candida identified accurately 158/182 [87%] of the isolated yeast species and detected the presence of five [2.7%] mixed yeast cultures. Also, CHROMagar correctly identified 100% of C. albicans, 100% of C. krusei, 97% of C. tropicalis and 58% of C. glabrata isolates, respectively. The distribution of 9 yeast species in clinical specimens was in percentage as follows: C. albicans [58.3], C. tropicalis [18.7], C. glabrata [11.5], C. krusei [3.8], Trichosporon beigelti [2.7], C. rugosa [1.1], C. parasilosis [1.1], Geotrichum candidum [1.1], and C. kefyr [0.5] and mixed species [2.7]. In conclusion, CHROMagar Candida medium can rapidly and accurately detect and identify the most commonly encountered clinical yeast species within 24 - 48 hours and the presence of mixed yeast cultures
Subject(s)
Culture Media , Candida/isolation & purification , Candida albicans/isolation & purification , Candidiasis/microbiologyABSTRACT
Microbial infections were observed in 30% [155/519] of all patients consecutively admitted in 1993 to the adult intensive care unit in the Jordan University Hospital in Amman. Gram-negative bacteria were involved in 110 [49%], Gram-positive bacteria in 69 [31%], mixed bacteria species in 25 [11%] and Candida spp. in 19 [9%] of all 223 infection episodes. Five species were isolated most frequently: Staphylococcus aureus [40], Acinetobacter spp. [28] Pseudomonas spp. [22], Enterobacter spp. [20] and Klebsiella spp. [17]. Resistance to most commonly available antibiotics was moderate to very high among Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Almost all Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to imipenem and ciprofloxacin